受降失信 / Breach of Surrender Trust

Definition

受降失信 / breach of surrender trust is the frontier-governance failure where an authority accepts, invites, or uses surrender contact and then kills or betrays the surrendering side, producing a tactical gain that damages later credibility.

Current Synthesis

Hanji 757 creates the concept through Zhang Yu and Mi Wu. After Mi Wu is defeated, he sends an interpreter to request surrender and comes to Linqiang with his leaders. Zhang Yu then holds a banquet, poisons the wine, uses ambush troops, kills Mi Wu and many Qiang chiefs, and turns Mi Wu’s head into revenge at Fu Yu’s grave.

The immediate result is not pacification. Mi Tang responds after his father’s death by ending feuds with other groups, intermarrying, exchanging hostages, and concentrating a stronger rebellion in the large and small Yu valleys. Hanji 760 then supplies the later diagnostic layer through Deng Xun, who treats prior bad faith as a cause of Qiang rebellion and chooses protective trust-building with threatened Hu groups instead.

Key Claims

• Surrender contact carries a credibility obligation even in a violent frontier setting.
• Betraying surrender can produce revenge, casualties, and short-term intimidation without producing durable settlement.
• Bad-faith settlement can make former rival groups cooperate because trust in the state falls below trust among themselves.
• Later pacification must account for earlier breaches; trust-building begins from a damaged baseline.
• This concept is distinct from false surrender by rebels: the breach here is committed by the receiving authority.

Evidence

• Surrender contact: Hanji 757 says Mi Wu sends an interpreter to request surrender and comes to Linqiang with his commanders.
• Banquet betrayal: Hanji 757 says Zhang Yu poisons the banquet and kills Mi Wu and many Qiang leaders.
• Coalition effect: Hanji 757 says Mi Tang later reconciles groups, creates marriage ties, exchanges hostages, and continues rebellion with stronger combined forces.
• Later diagnosis: Hanji 760 says Deng Xun connects Qiang rebellion to earlier official bad faith before adopting a protective strategy toward Hu groups.
• Contrasting repair: Hanji 760 says Deng protects Hu wives and children and then converts that trust into submission and operational help against Mi Tang.

Counterevidence & Qualifications

The concept does not say force is never used after surrender, nor does it reconstruct every legal norm around surrender. It applies to the source pattern where surrender contact and banquet hospitality become tools for killing. Hanji 757 reports immediate military success against remnants, so the qualification is about durable credibility, not about whether Zhang Yu inflicted casualties.

What Changed

• Created the concept from Hanji 757’s Zhang Yu banquet killing and Hanji 760’s later Deng Xun trust-repair contrast.

Related Concepts

• 张于 / Zhang Yu - source official whose banquet killing creates the breach case.
• 迷雾 / Mi Wu - surrendering leader killed in the breach.
• 弥唐 - successor whose coalition-building shows the bad-faith aftereffect.
• 保护换信任式边疆安抚 - contrast because Deng Xun repairs trust by protecting threatened groups.
• 惩罚投降威慑 - adjacent concept about how harsh treatment of surrender affects later incentives.
• 查因安抚式治理 - related diagnostic frame because later policy must explain why groups rebel.
• 一厢情愿式边疆怀柔 - contrast because trust cannot be rebuilt by soft posture alone after bad faith.