Hostile Media Effect / 敌意媒体效应

Hostile media effect is the pattern where opposing groups interpret the same nominally neutral coverage as biased against their own side. 123.人性实验：当心你自己！ explains it through sports-fan perception, election-reporting complaints, and a study of television news about the Arab-Israeli conflict.

The episode’s practical point is that political knowledge and confidence do not necessarily reduce perceived bias. Strong identification can make the same clip look like enemy evidence to both camps.

Key Claims

• Group identity can change what counts as neutral.
• People can sincerely perceive the same media object in incompatible ways.
• Strong prior positions can make balanced reporting feel like betrayal.
• Bias correction requires more than telling people to be objective; it requires active standpoint testing through Consider-The-Opposite Bias Correction / 反向设想偏见校正.

Connections

• Social Psychology / 社会心理学 and Social Reality Construction / 社会现实建构 - broader perception frame.
• Motivated Bias / 动机偏差 - identity and desire shaping interpretation.
• Outrage-Triggered Skepticism - emotional self-audit that becomes important when a story fits too well.
• Internet Moral Trial / 互联网审判 - public judgment can intensify when hostile perception becomes accusation.
• Evidence Over Testimony - adjacent method for preferring checkable evidence over felt certainty.