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entity Updated 2026-08-22 Topics: History

战国时期 / Warring States Period

The Warring States Period is the historical setting for 30.孟子：战国愤青的赤子之心. The episode contrasts it with the 春秋时期: older ritual and lineage orders have weakened, interstate competition is harsher, rulers compete for population and talent, and schools of thought become practically useful in a world of policy, war, and mobility.

This page is source-scoped. Its role is to explain why 孟子 / Mencius can be read as both idealistic and realistic: if people, scholars, and merchants can move, then benevolent government can attract resources; if rulers chase only advantage, then righteousness over profit becomes a political critique, not only a moral slogan.

《资治通鉴·周纪》04｜豫让 为智瑶复仇 adds a periodization guardrail. The episode treats 453 BCE, after Jinyang and the division of 智瑶’s territory, as the beginning of the Warring States, while the broader wiki keeps that beside 403 BCE formal recognition and 376 BCE Jin extinction inside 三家分晋. The same source adds 才德之分, 士为知己者死, and 赵襄子’s conquest of 代国 as early-Warring-States transition material.

《资治通鉴·周纪》05｜光彩夺目的魏文侯（1） adds a non-military explanation for early Wei prominence. 魏文侯’s treatment of scholars, promise-keeping, and Han-Zhao diplomacy show that Warring States competition also rewards 人和政治力量, not only armies, terrain, and formal recognition.

《资治通鉴·周纪》06丨魏文侯选谁当宰相呢（1） adds the personnel side of that competition. 李克’s advice to 魏文侯 turns chancellor selection into situational character testing and referral-quality judgment, while the 吴起 section shows that early Warring States rulers also had to decide how much defect they could tolerate for scarce military capability.

《资治通鉴·周纪》06丨魏文侯选谁当宰相呢（2） adds an earlier military and chronicle branch. 吴起 and 魏国 show Warring States competition as a problem of training load, morale, and execution, while 周威烈王, 周安王, 燕国, and 楚国 keep the episode anchored in annalistic succession notices.

《资治通鉴·周纪》07丨两起刺杀（1） adds the political-order transition more explicitly. Qin-Wei fighting, Han/Zhao/Qin successions, 郑国’s pressure between 晋国 and 楚国, and 子阳’s killing show the source’s claim that older aristocratic constraints were giving way to sharper interstate and factional competition.

《资治通鉴·周纪》07丨两起刺杀（2） extends that transition through 聂政’s assassination, 郑繻公’s killing, 魏武侯’s accession, and 负黍’s repeated transfer. The source’s strongest period claim is that war tempo and political violence are both accelerating.

《资治通鉴·周纪》07丨两起刺杀（3） adds the legitimacy lag behind that violence. 晋国 still has a ruler but little independent meaning, 田和 can displace 齐康公 before formal recognition catches up, and old labels such as “Jin” can remain in war notices even when the political actor may be 魏国. The episode therefore links 田氏代齐, 三晋受封, and 编年错位 as part of the same transition from inherited titles to power-backed legitimacy.

《资治通鉴·周纪》08丨一代名将吴起惨死（1） adds an internal Wei branch. 吴起’s West River warning shows Warring States rulers balancing geography against legitimacy through Virtue Over Natural Barriers / 德胜地险, while the chancellor dispute with 田文 shows Transition Fit Over Merit / 过渡期适任优先于功劳 inside a fragile succession.

《资治通鉴·周纪》08丨一代名将吴起惨死（2） adds the reform-politics sequel. Wu Qi’s move to 楚国 turns military and administrative talent into Warring States Reform Backlash / 战国变法反噬, while 韩非’s use of 赵靖侯 adds Legalist Ruler Technique / 法家君术. The same source also reinforces the period’s compressed chronology through Qin, Zhao, Han, and Qi succession or recognition notices.

《资治通鉴·周纪》08丨一代名将吴起惨死（3） adds the next King An years as a concentrated Warring States transition sample. 秦国 changes rulers through a coup, Tian-family 齐国 consolidates through both violence and scholar sponsorship, 魏国 and 赵国 fight despite their Jin background, an eclipse notice exposes omen reasoning, and 吴起 dies when reform backlash breaks open after 楚悼王’s death.

《资治通鉴·周纪》09丨战国时代的世界大战 adds a broad interstate-war frame and two old-order endings. Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Chu are entangled in Early Warring States Interstate War / 战国早期诸侯混战, while 齐康公’s death and 晋静公’s deposition show older residual lineages disappearing behind the new power map. 子思’s advice adds governance concepts about flawed talent and failed correction inside courts.

《资治通鉴·周纪》10丨 以家族单位 有蚂蚁吃大象的精神（1） adds a long-horizon statecraft branch. 韩国’s destruction of 郑国 becomes Generational Family Strategy / 家族代际战略, while repeated capital moves become Strategic Capital Relocation / 战略性迁都. The same episode adds 秦国 origin diplomacy through 太史旦 and keeps the period’s conflict tempo visible through Yan-Qi-Lu-Wey and Zhao-Wei notices.

《资治通鉴·周纪》10丨 以家族单位 有蚂蚁吃大象的精神（2） adds the institutional fragility behind that conflict tempo. Han court violence, Wei succession disorder, Qi reputation auditing, and explicit source dating doubts show early Warring States politics as a problem of records, heirs, information channels, and interstate pressure at the same time.

《资治通鉴·周纪》11丨 世界风起云涌（1） opens 周显王’s long reign as a still more crowded conflict field. Qi, Zhao, Wei, Han, Song, and Qin all appear in terse war notices, while Qin Eastward Pressure / 秦国东进压力 and 石门之战 show Qin’s military advantage becoming visible to the Three Jin states. The source also adds a ritual layer: 黻服 and 十二华章政治象征 show that warfare and legitimacy are being narrated through material symbols as well as armies.

《资治通鉴·周纪》11丨 世界风起云涌（2） adds 362 BCE as a pre-reform pressure sample. 魏国 defeats 韩国 and 赵国, then 秦国 defeats Wei at 少梁. In the same year, 卫国 title demotion shows small-state status loss, 燕国 changes rulers, and 秦孝公 inherits a state that needs both internal repair and diplomatic-status reversal.

《资治通鉴·周纪》14丨齐威王 不鸣则已一鸣惊人 extends that early Zhou Xian Wang cluster through 358-356 BCE. Qin-Han war, Wei’s western wall, Qin-Chu marriage, Wei-Han and Zhao-Yan/Qi-Song meetings, and Qi Wei Wang’s delayed emergence show the period as a mix of military pressure, infrastructure, alliance ritual, meeting diplomacy, and damaged chronology.

《资治通鉴·周纪》16丨孙膑庞涓恩怨纠葛 桂陵之战 adds 353 BCE as a strategy and fragmentation case. 桂陵之战 shows 齐国 using indirect pressure against 魏国, while 东周西周分裂 shows the 周王室 itself shrinking and dividing under the same Warring States conditions.

《资治通鉴·周纪》17丨韩昭侯和申不害 adds the 352-350 BCE link between reform, diplomacy, and ruler discipline. Qin pressure makes Wei repair relations with Zhao and Qi, 申不害 and 韩昭侯 turn Han governance toward merit-based reward and punishment, and 商鞅变法 reaches capital geography, households, counties, land, and measurements through 咸阳, 分居令, and Qin Administrative Standardization / 秦国行政标准化.

《资治通鉴·周纪》18丨中国历史上第一例人头税 adds 349-343 BCE as a fiscal, lexical, and legitimacy case. 人头税 shows Qin turning reform into person-based extraction, 伐/侵/袭 terminology shows how political violence is encoded in chronicle verbs, 诸侯会于京师 shows Zhou authority being bypassed at 洛邑, and 王致伯于秦 shows the same weakened center still elevating 秦国.

《资治通鉴·周纪》19丨马陵之战 adds 341 BCE as a rescue timing and operational-risk case. 马陵之战 shows 齐国 turning 韩国’s danger into leverage through delayed rescue, while 魏国’s response brings together 庞涓, 太子申, crown-prince command risk, and forced-march risk.

《资治通鉴·周纪》20丨庞涓死此树下 adds the battle’s resolution. 孙膑 turns false weakness into 减灶诱敌, Pang Juan’s rapid pursuit ends in death, 齐国 captures 太子申, and 魏国’s decline becomes a major Warring States power-map consequence.

《资治通鉴·周纪》22丨公孙鞅诈魏公子卬 adds 340 BCE as the next consequence of that power-map shift. 秦国 uses 公孙鞅 / 商鞅’s strategic case to strike weakened 魏国, while 公子卬 / 公子昂’s capture shows how Warring States competition blends interstate timing, reform incentives, aristocratic trust, and deception.

《资治通鉴·周纪》23丨魏惠王 悔不用公叔之言 turns that strike into a larger period pattern. Qin’s victory forces Wei’s cession and capital move, while Shang Yang’s reward, reputation damage, and death show how Warring States success could combine military merit, one-shot deception, displaced capital geography, and reform backlash in one career.

《资治通鉴·周纪》32丨“史上首位联合国秘书长”苏秦 adds a later Su Qin perspective on the same period. The episode’s 合纵 tour shows diplomacy adapting to larger armies, city wealth, and ruler face: 魏国’s army list points to military transformation, while 临淄 turns 齐国’s urban prosperity into evidence of state capacity and dignity.

《资治通鉴·周纪》40丨5月出生的孩子惹谁啦？ adds 321 BCE as a late 周显王 endpoint where succession notices and aristocratic household politics sit together. 周慎靓王 / 周慎亮王 and 燕王哙 enter through terse ruler handoffs, while 田婴 and 孟尝君 / 田文 show that Warring States power also depends on fiefs, retainers, concubine status, and birth-taboo exclusion.

《资治通鉴·周纪》41丨孟尝君：我是如何打败这40多位哥哥的 extends the period page from household politics into the social economy of游士. The episode uses 孟尝君 / 田文 to show how a lord can convert family wealth and fief resources into 战国养士, while examples such as 吴起, 公孙鞅 / 商鞅, 苏秦, and 张仪 show why mobile talent needed patrons before it could become statecraft.

《资治通鉴·周纪》42丨给孟尝君提意见的后果 adds the moral filter on that social economy. The period is not only a market for talent and patrons; it is also a world where a private retainer network can look like public-service talent infrastructure or like an aristocrat’s private power base, depending on selection, purpose, and accountability. The ivory-bed case adds a second Warring States governance problem: useful advice may come from people with compromised motives, so leaders need content judgment as well as character judgment.

《资治通鉴·周纪》46丨骂你是个“二百五”的历史来源 adds 317 BCE as a coalition-aftermath and source-criticism case. 秦国 turns the failed anti-Qin attack into pursuit through 修鱼之战 and 浊泽, while 苏秦’s death in 齐国 shows mobile diplomacy shading into suspected covert service. The rejected “二百五” origin story adds a reception-history caution: Warring States episodes often generate memorable later explanations that still need evidence discipline.

《资治通鉴·周纪》49丨孟子曰：我教你治国 你却把我当花瓶 adds 314 BCE as a conquest-governance and error-correction case. 齐国 can take 燕国 quickly, but 孟子 / Mencius says the political test is whether Yan’s people experience Qi as rescue; the later rebellion shows the administrative limit. The source also adds 犯错能改的领导力 and another 编年错位 warning around 齐宣王’s death notice.

《资治通鉴·周纪》50丨张仪是怎样把楚怀王忽悠瘸的 adds 313 BCE as a diplomatic-deception and alliance-sequencing case. 秦国 can still attack directly through 樗里子 against 赵国, but the episode’s main Warring States lesson is subtler: 张仪 breaks the 齐国-楚国 tie by making 楚怀王 pay first for an unverified 商於 promise, while 陈枕 supplies the rejected verification-first alternative.

《资治通鉴·周纪》51丨 楚怀王：秦小儿看舅舅如何灭了你！ adds 312 BCE as the military consequence of that deception. The same branch now includes court capture through 屈原’s exclusion, failed advice by 陈枕, 丹阳之战 and 蓝田之战, 汉中’s loss, and 因怒兴师. The period pattern is that Warring States competition punishes both bad alliance sequencing and emotional doubling down after the error is exposed.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》121｜嬴政造世界最早高速公路 2200年荒草不生 adds a retrospective frame from the first Qin year after unification. The episode defines the Warring States as roughly 475-221 BCE, stresses its prolonged violence, and also insists that war did not exhaust the period’s meaning: the same age produced mobile talent, social change, and the Hundred Schools intellectual field that later Qin rule inherited and tried to order.

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