张飞 / Zhang Fei

Overview

张飞 / Zhang Fei is a 刘备 commander whose current evidence pairs a command failure at 下邳 with a successful rear-guard action at 长坂坡之战.

Current Profile

The source set prevents a one-note portrait. Qinji 131-2 compresses Zhang Fei’s loss of Xuzhou into a drinking caution, while Hanji 999 gives the proximate chain: Zhang Fei kills 曹豹, disorder follows, 许耽 opens Xiapi to 吕布, and Liu Bei loses his base and family security.

Hanji 1094 adds the opposite command result. During the Changban rout, Zhang Fei takes a small mounted rear guard, blocks or destroys the bridge, identifies himself, and deters immediate pursuit. The episode distinguishes this historical-source frame from the more dramatic 《三国演义》 scene in which his shout kills an enemy officer.

Key Characteristics

• Remains a core Liu Bei commander across both defeat and survival episodes.
• Causes or fails to contain internal breakdown at Xiapi in the Hanji 999 account.
• Is remembered through an alcohol-centered Xuzhou version that does not fully match the more detailed causal sequence.
• Uses a small rear guard, terrain obstruction, and personal intimidation to protect Liu Bei’s escape at Changban.
• Illustrates why literary amplification and historical-source claims must be kept separate.

Evidence

• Xiapi command failure: Hanji 999 links Cao Bao’s killing, city disorder, Xu Dan’s gate-opening, and Lü Bu’s takeover.
• Drinking-memory variant: Qinji 131-2 uses Zhang Fei’s drunken loss of Xuzhou as a compact example of alcohol magnifying political harm.
• Changban rear guard: Hanji 1094 says Zhang Fei covers Liu Bei’s retreat with a small mounted group and blocks the bridge approach.
• History-literature boundary: Hanji 1094 separates the deterrence account from the Romance death-by-shout embellishment.

Qualifications

The Xuzhou sources preserve different levels of explanation rather than a settled single cause: one emphasizes drunkenness, while the other emphasizes Cao Bao’s killing and internal gate-opening. Hanji 1094 does not provide a complete Changban command chronology, and its exact troop number, bridge condition, dialogue, and enemy reaction remain source-scoped.

What Changed

• Migrated the page to the synthesis-first schema without removing or reordering its existing source inventory.
• Added the Changban rear-guard action as a successful contrast to the Xiapi command failure.
• Made the historical-source and Romance layers explicit.

Relationships

• 刘备 - leader whose base Zhang Fei fails to preserve at Xiapi and whose retreat he protects at Changban.
• 长坂坡之战 - battlefield setting for Zhang Fei’s rear-guard deterrence.
• 赵云 - fellow commander whose rescue action forms the episode’s second loyalty case.
• 吕布 - actor who captures Xiapi after internal disorder.
• 酒作为权力催化剂 - interpretive frame used by the compact drinking source.