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entity Updated 2026-08-21 Topics: History

张仪 / Zhang Yi (Warring States strategist)

张仪 / Zhang Yi appears in 《资治通鉴·周纪》28丨韩昭侯的快乐你想象不到 as one of the major Warring States persuaders whose story is about to receive sustained treatment after compact 333 BCE notices. This page uses the filename ZhangYiStrategist.md to avoid conflating him with the existing modern robotics-founder page Zhang Yi.

《资治通鉴·周纪》29丨苏秦励志爽文：知识改变命运 begins developing him through his relationship to 苏秦. The source repeats the tradition that Su Qin and Zhang Yi both studied under 鬼谷子, but says Zhang Yi is still obscure when Su Qin is already famous.

The episode previews their later strategic contrast: Su Qin works the 合纵 line, while Zhang Yi becomes the opposing counterpart in 纵横家外交. It also says Su Qin later uses provocation to push Zhang Yi toward 秦国, making their rivalry both competitive and mutually enabling.

《资治通鉴·周纪》31丨合纵连横 围殴秦 narrates that provocation. Zhang Yi is still frustrated in 楚国 when Su Qin draws him to Zhao, humiliates him, and lets his anger point him toward Qin as the only power strong enough to strike Zhao. Su Qin then secretly funds the journey, and Zhang Yi wins 秦惠文王’s trust. Once he learns the truth, Zhang Yi accepts that Su Qin has used him to stabilize Qin while he builds 合纵, and he promises not to trouble Su Qin while Su Qin lives.

《资治通鉴·周纪》34丨秦国总理如何玩转六国 turns Zhang Yi from a placed court figure into an active Qin strategist. After 秦国 captures 蒲阳 from 魏国, Zhang Yi advises 秦惠文王 to return the city and send a Qin prince as hostage, then uses that apparent generosity to push 魏惠王 into yielding 上郡’s fifteen counties. The episode reads this as 欲擒故纵式让利外交 and makes Zhang Yi’s reward the Qin chief-minister post.

《资治通鉴·周纪》35丨历史上第一骑兵教父是他？ keeps Zhang Yi in that active Qin role. The episode explains Qin’s return of 焦邑 and 曲沃 to Wei as a continuation of Zhang Yi’s flexible method: half pulling, half hitting, and using apparent generosity to improve Qin’s diplomatic environment. It contrasts Zhang Yi with 商鞅: Shang Yang is tied to Qin’s force-centered state-building, while Zhang Yi survives by not being fully bound to one state or one personal feud.

《资治通鉴·周纪》37丨苏秦：六国集团CEO的不堪情史 continues Zhang Yi through 324-323 BCE. He attacks 魏国 for 秦国, takes 陕城, and the episode summarizes the method as taking land while returning people. The next year he meets Qi and Chu ministers at 啮桑, possibly to improve Qin’s relations with those states or to counter 犀首公孙衍. After the meeting, Zhang Yi himself leaves Qin for Wei as chief minister, making his mobility part of the new Qin-Wei-anti-Qin puzzle rather than a simple Qin-loyalty story.

《资治通鉴·周纪》38丨搞兼职的张仪不一般 makes that mobility the main problem. Zhang Yi goes to 魏国 as chief minister but frames the move to 秦武王 as still useful to 秦国: because 齐国 hates him, his presence in Wei can provoke Qi-Wei conflict and let Qin exploit the disorder. After Qi attacks Wei, he sends 冯喜 to reveal the plan, causing Qi to withdraw. The episode reads this as 阴谋阳谋转换 and treats Zhang Yi as the clearest case of 乱世职业经理人式流动: a strategist whose court position, personal survival, and state alignment cannot be reduced to a single loyalist category.

《资治通鉴·周纪》39丨历史上张仪是怎样怒怼强敌的 follows the same ambiguity into Wei court politics. 秦惠文王 keeps rewarding Zhang Yi despite his failure to make Wei serve Qin, and the episode reads that favor as 恩赏负债式忠诚压力. Inside Wei, Zhang Yi defeats 惠施 / 惠师 over the Qin-Han-Wei versus Qi-Chu line, helps push Hui Shi out of Wei, and then blocks 陈枕 before Chen can establish himself. This extends Zhang Yi from a mobile strategist into a court operator who can use favor, policy framing, and preemptive accusation together.

《资治通鉴·周纪》44丨一个公司为什么不能有两位CEO？ cites Zhang Yi retrospectively through 谬刘’s warning to 韩宣惠王. Zhang Yi’s paired presence with 犀首公孙衍 in Wei becomes an example of 双首长权力风险, because competing high ministers can turn strategy into factional power and territorial loss.

《资治通鉴·周纪》47丨燕王哙的理想主义 shows Zhang Yi losing a strategic debate inside Qin. He urges 秦惠文王 to attack 韩国, approach the Zhou royal center, and use the 九鼎 and map symbolism to command the world. 司马错’s reply reframes that as a risky prestige route compared with the concrete gains of 蜀国, so Zhang Yi’s plan becomes the rejected alternative that clarifies Qin’s resource-first choice.

《资治通鉴·周纪》50丨张仪是怎样把楚怀王忽悠瘸的 makes Zhang Yi’s anti-合纵 role explicit in the 楚国 court. Acting for 秦惠文王, he promises 楚怀王 six hundred li of 商於 if Chu cuts ties with 齐国, then delays after returning to Qin and reduces the delivery to six li once Chu has offended Qi. The episode therefore adds 未验地先断交陷阱 to Zhang Yi’s repertoire: he wins not by giving a real small concession, but by making the target destroy its own alliance leverage before verifying the promise.

《资治通鉴·周纪》51丨 楚怀王：秦小儿看舅舅如何灭了你！ adds the preparation and outcome of that repertoire. The source says Zhang Yi had already used gifts and court influence inside Chu and had helped slander 屈原, leaving 陈枕 isolated when he warned against the Shangyu promise. After the promise collapses, Zhang Yi’s deception succeeds beyond the diplomatic break: Chu’s angry campaign loses at 丹阳之战, gives 秦国 汉中, and ends in another defeat near 蓝田之战.

《资治通鉴·周纪》52丨 陈庄叛秦 端起碗吃饭放下碗骂娘 keeps Zhang Yi’s post-deception danger unresolved. The episode closes by returning from the Yan and Qin-Shu branches to 楚怀王’s desire for revenge, with Zhang Yi entering Chu as the next test of his court-survival skill.

《资治通鉴·周纪》53丨秦惠王用张仪换地皮 resolves that test. When 秦惠文王 considers exchanging Qin land for 黔中, Chu Huaiwang asks for Zhang Yi instead, and Zhang Yi voluntarily enters Chu despite the risk. He is imprisoned, but survives through 宫廷后门自救 involving 郑袖, then resumes persuasion by warning that Qin can use Han, Wei, Ba-Shu, and Wuguan pressure against Chu. The episode adds a darker layer to his career: Zhang Yi remains highly useful, but Qin can still treat him as a 可交换功臣 whose survival, use, or death may all serve Qin.

《资治通鉴·周纪》54丨我尊你是王，你当我是屁 follows Zhang Yi after that release. He tours 韩国, 齐国, 赵国, and 燕国, using 包围威胁式说服 to argue that each target is already surrounded by Qin-aligned states or exposed to Qin attack routes. The campaign extends his 连横 role from the Chu trap into a serial persuasion circuit, but the closing succession turn weakens his personal position: 秦惠文王 dies, 秦武王 succeeds, and Zhang Yi faces 靠山更替暴露风险 because the new ruler already disliked him.

《资治通鉴·周纪》55丨 张仪痛失贵人秦惠王 completes that risk branch. It supplies the fuller Yan stop, then shows Zhang Yi returning toward 咸阳 when 秦惠文王’s death lets Qin courtiers attack him and lets the lords abandon 连横 for renewed 合纵. Zhang Yi survives by presenting retreat as service: he asks 秦武王 to send him to 魏国, predicts 齐国 will attack because it hates him, and frames the resulting disorder as Qin’s chance to attack 韩国 and enter 三川. When Qi attacks, he has the design disclosed to 齐宣王, causing Qi to withdraw; the episode reads his later year as Wei chief minister and death as 以自保包装国策 completed through 阴谋阳谋转换.

《资治通鉴·周纪》56丨 瞧瞧两千多年前啥是大丈夫 steps back from Zhang Yi’s last maneuver to the moral evaluation of his whole type. 孟子 / Mencius rejects the claim that Zhang Yi and 犀首公孙衍 are “great men” merely because rulers fear them, while the host notes that Zhang Yi’s long adherence to 连横 and his endurance under humiliation could still look like part of the 大丈夫标准. The later 扬雄 / 《法言》 critique sharpens the negative side: Zhang Yi’s talent remains morally suspect if it serves wealth, rank, and deceptive technique rather than public rescue.

《资治通鉴·周纪》65丨我穿越去给浪漫的楚王念首诗 uses Zhang Yi retrospectively while reassessing 楚怀王. The episode argues that Chu Huaiwang’s tragedy cannot be reduced to stupidity: Zhang Yi’s earlier praise, gifts, and “sweet net” exploited vanity and court access, turning the ruler’s appetite for validation into a durable vulnerability. Zhang Yi therefore remains an active cause in the Chu Huaiwang branch even after his own career has already been morally evaluated.

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