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entity Updated 2026-08-23 Topics: History

赵国 / Zhao State

《资治通鉴·周纪》04｜豫让 为智瑶复仇 adds Zhao’s pre-recognition branch through 赵襄子. Zhao helps end 智瑶’s power after Jinyang, absorbs 代国 through kinship deception, survives 豫让’s revenge attempts, and then moves through a contested succession involving 赵伯鲁’s line, 赵桓子, and 赵献子.

《资治通鉴·周纪》05｜光彩夺目的魏文侯（1） adds Zhao to 魏文侯’s diplomacy case. Zhao asks 魏国 to join an attack on 韩国, but Wei refuses on brother-state grounds; when Zhao learns Wei had also refused Han’s anti-Zhao request, the symmetry turns anger into trust.

赵国 / Zhao State appears in 《资治通鉴·周纪》07丨两起刺杀（1） through two early Warring States notices. First, Zhao joins 韩国 and 魏国 in a joint attack on 楚国. Second, 赵烈侯 dies and Zhao people install his younger brother 赵武侯.

The page is source-scoped. Zhao’s wiki role here is to anchor the episode’s claim that the first generation of post-Jin powers was already moving through interstate war and succession pressure at the same time.

《资治通鉴·周纪》08丨一代名将吴起惨死（2） adds a second Zhao succession: Zhao Wuhou dies in 387 BCE, and Zhao people install 赵烈侯’s son 赵靖侯. The episode also notes a Zhao prince’s later revolt, flight to 魏国, and failed attack on Zhao’s newly moved capital, keeping Zhao tied to succession instability.

《资治通鉴·周纪》08丨一代名将吴起惨死（3） adds a terse 383 BCE war notice: 魏国 attacks Zhao and defeats Zhao at Tutai. The episode does not force a motive, but uses the notice to show that Three Jin solidarity has already become unstable interstate rivalry.

《资治通鉴·周纪》09丨战国时代的世界大战 makes Zhao a main actor in Early Warring States Interstate War / 战国早期诸侯混战. Zhao first joins Han and Wei against Qi, then attacks 魏国, is pressed by Wei and Qi together, seeks help from 楚国, and later joins Han and Wei in ending 晋国. Because the transcript’s ruler name is unstable in the war narration, this page keeps the added role state-level.

《资治通鉴·周纪》10丨 以家族单位 有蚂蚁吃大象的精神（1） adds 赵靖侯’s death in 375 BCE and 赵成侯’s accession. It then shows Zhao acting aggressively early in the new reign by attacking 魏国 and taking seventy-three “du-bi” settlements before Wei wins at Beiling.

《资治通鉴·周纪》10丨 以家族单位 有蚂蚁吃大象的精神（2） continues Zhao’s aggressive role in the next year cluster. The source says Zhao attacks 齐国 as far as Juan, while 魏国 defeats Zhao at Huai.

《资治通鉴·周纪》10丨 以家族单位 有蚂蚁吃大象的精神（3） makes Zhao a direct outside patron in Wei’s succession fight. 公中缓 seeks Zhao help, and 赵成侯 joins 韩懿侯 to defeat Wei at 浊泽之战. Zhao’s preferred settlement would install Gongzhong Huan and take land, but Han’s partition plan prevents agreement.

《资治通鉴·周纪》11丨 世界风起云涌（1） adds Zhao’s opportunistic and anti-Qin roles under 周显王. Zhao attacks 齐国 in 368 BCE and takes a Qi-built wall or fortification line; later, when 秦国 attacks 魏国 at Shaoliang in 363 BCE, Zhao sends troops to help Wei and appears to stop Qin from taking the place.

《资治通鉴·周纪》11丨 世界风起云涌（2） adds a reversal one year later. Zhao and 韩国 are defeated by Wei at Hui in 362 BCE, which the episode treats as hard to explain if one expects stable Three Jin cooperation against Qin. Zhao’s role therefore sharpens the early Warring States pattern: former allies can become targets almost immediately.

《资治通鉴·周纪》14丨齐威王 不鸣则已一鸣惊人 adds Zhao to the 356 BCE meeting cluster. Zhao meets 燕国 at Ajuan, then joins 齐国 and 宋国 at Pinglu. The source uses these notices as part of a dense early Warring States diplomatic field rather than as settled alliance structure.

《资治通鉴·周纪》15丨酒不醇引发的世界大战 makes Zhao the endangered state in the 354 BCE crisis setup. 魏国 surrounds 邯郸 after 魏惠王 reads 楚国’s attack on 鲁国 as a distraction, and 楚宣王 sends 景舍 to aid Zhao. The source therefore places Zhao inside 鲁酒薄而邯郸围 before Qi’s later indirect rescue.

《资治通鉴·周纪》16丨孙膑庞涓恩怨纠葛 桂陵之战 adds Zhao as the endangered state in the idiom source. 魏国 besieges 邯郸, Zhao seeks help from 齐国, and 孙膑’s indirect rescue plan turns Zhao’s crisis into 桂陵之战.

《资治通鉴·周纪》17丨韩昭侯和申不害 adds Zhao’s post-Handan repair and next succession problem. 魏国 returns 邯郸 and joins Zhao in the 漳水之盟 because 秦国 has become the stronger shared threat. The source then records 赵成侯’s death, 公子泄’s failed challenge, and the crown prince’s accession as 赵肃侯.

《资治通鉴·周纪》18丨中国历史上第一例人头税 adds the next aftershock of Zhao’s succession disorder. In 347 BCE 赵范 attacks 邯郸 by surprise, fails, and is killed. The source treats the “袭” wording as evidence of a surprise attack aimed at the newly established 赵肃侯.

《资治通鉴·周纪》30丨苏秦的“开挂”人生 adds Zhao as both an initial failure and the next diplomatic target in 苏秦’s biography. A Zhao chief minister first refuses him, but after 燕文公 funds Su Qin, Zhao becomes the state Yan needs to court because it blocks 秦国 from reaching 燕国. The episode uses that mission to state the common-enemy alliance principle.

《资治通鉴·周纪》31丨合纵连横 围殴秦 makes Zhao the staging state for the broader 合纵 plan. Su Qin persuades 赵肃侯 that Zhao’s strength will not save it if Qin first defeats Han and Wei, and Zhao Suhou gives him the mandate to organize the six-state anti-Qin alliance.

《资治通鉴·周纪》35丨历史上第一骑兵教父是他？ adds Zhao’s next succession turn. 赵肃侯 dies in 326 BCE, and 赵武灵王 succeeds. The new ruler creates advisory and fault-correction posts, honors 肥义, and thereby makes Zhao a case of new-ruler reform signaling before a later military reform branch.

《资治通鉴·周纪》43丨孟尝君妻子偷情被发现他咋处理？ adds Zhao as the setting for a Mengchang Jun reception scandal rather than as the direct policy actor. 平原君 receives 孟尝君 / 田文, Zhao locals mock Mengchang Jun’s short stature, and Mengchang Jun’s retainers kill hundreds in retaliation. The episode uses Zhao here to show how Warring States honor sensitivity could turn public ridicule into mass violence.

《资治通鉴·周纪》45｜以史为鉴，君王到底该不该杀人成性？ returns Zhao to anti-Qin coalition politics. Zhao joins Chu, Wei, Han, and Yan in the 318 BCE attack that reaches 函谷关, but the states preserve their own forces and the alliance breaks after Qin cuts Chu’s grain route. The episode makes Zhao one participant in 联盟自保失灵.

《资治通鉴·周纪》50丨张仪是怎样把楚怀王忽悠瘸的 adds a compact 313 BCE Qin attack on Zhao before the episode turns to Zhang Yi. 樗里子 attacks Zhao, takes Lingcheng, and captures the defender Zhuang Bao. The notice keeps Zhao under Qin pressure even while the episode’s main alliance drama shifts south toward 楚国 and 齐国.

《资治通鉴·周纪》54丨我尊你是王，你当我是屁 gives Zhao a full Zhang Yi persuasion scene. Zhang Yi first praises 赵武灵王 for earlier anti-Qin prestige, then argues that Qin’s expansion through 巴蜀 and 汉中, plus Qin-aligned Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu pressure, can isolate and partition Zhao. Zhao’s acceptance makes the state the most elaborate example of 包围威胁式说服 in the episode.

《资治通鉴·周纪》58丨赵武灵王如何打造强国 makes Zhao the site of a concrete military reform. Zhao Wuling Wang’s plan to take 中山国 and northern Hu land leads to 胡服骑射, with 肥义 present at the planning discussion and 赵成 embodying first aristocratic resistance. Zhao’s state-strengthening branch now joins military modernization, frontier learning, and elite compliance.

《资治通鉴·周纪》59丨一朝君王一朝臣 carries that reform into implementation. 赵武灵王 persuades Zhao Cheng to comply, orders the clothing shift broadly, and positions Zhao as temporarily neutral while larger states fight in the central plains. Zhao then expands north toward Yuzhong, receives horses from Hu chiefs, sends envoys to Qin, Han, Chu, Wei, and Qi, appoints 赵固 to manage Hu affairs, and recruits Hu fighters.

《资治通鉴·周纪》60丨 中国第一位把持朝政的太后竟是她？ adds the next Zhao campaign result. Zhao Wuling Wang attacks 中山国 in 305 BCE, captures multiple strategic places, and forces Zhongshan to cede four cities for peace. The notice keeps Zhao’s state page tied to 胡服骑射 as a military modernization project whose purpose is territorial and frontier pressure, not only court compliance.

《资治通鉴·周纪》68丨惊叹宋康王荒淫无度的狗血历史（1） places Zhao inside the Qin-Qi-Zhao balance after those reforms. Qin wants to gather states to attack Zhao, while 燕昭王 sends 苏代 to prevent 齐湣王 from cooperating. Internally, Zhao is described as split between 李兑’s pro-Qi anti-Qin line and Han Xu’s pro-Qin anti-Qi line, so Zhao’s security depends not only on reform capacity but on whether other powers can use factional alignment against it.

《资治通鉴·周纪》73丨历史上自由恋爱的开创者是谁？ gives Zhao a compact post-Qi-collapse role. 赵惠文王赵何 meets 秦昭襄王 at Rangcheng, and Zhao is later named with 燕国 as returning to help 魏国 after Qin captures 安城 and threatens 大梁.

《资治通鉴·周纪》74丨还原完璧归赵真相！ gives Zhao a court-and-diplomacy branch around 和氏璧. The jade enters royal possession after 赵惠文王赵何 seizes it from 缪贤, then 秦昭襄王’s fifteen-city offer creates the asymmetry that 蔺相如 resolves through 完璧归赵式外交.

《资治通鉴·周纪》76丨谁给了楚顷襄王的自信？ adds the immediate pressure after that diplomatic victory. Zhao refuses Qin’s proposal to jointly attack 齐国, and 秦国 responds with repeated attacks, including the capture of 石城 in 281 BCE. The episode’s closing preview makes 渑池 the next test of Zhao’s risk judgment after both 完璧归赵 and 楚怀王’s earlier Wuguan disaster.

《资治通鉴·周纪》77丨廉颇与蔺相如 史上最著名的一对“好基友” completes that test. Zhao suffers another Qin attack by 白起, but at 渑池 it protects ruler safety and state dignity through two different capabilities: 廉颇 prepares a succession contingency if 赵惠文王赵何 is detained, while 蔺相如 forces 秦昭襄王 into reciprocal court performance. The aftermath turns their rank conflict into 将相和式内部团结, making Zhao’s internal cooperation part of its deterrence against Qin.

《资治通鉴·周纪》80丨诸葛亮的偶像 到底有多厉害？ adds Zhao as the safe host for displaced 乐毅. 赵惠文王赵何 honors Le Yi after Yan removes him, and the source says Zhao had reason to use Le Yi against 燕国. Le Yi’s refusal leaves Zhao as a refuge and prestige base rather than the launcher of immediate revenge, while Guanjin and the Wangzhu Jun title mark his final settlement in Zhao.

《资治通鉴·周纪》83丨诸侯摆烂竟成了经典计中计？ gives Zhao a later opportunistic but costly role. Zhao joins 魏国 in attacking 韩国 at 华阳之战, but Han’s 投敌威胁式求援 brings 秦国 into the war. The episode reports that after Qin defeats Wei, 白起 fights the Zhao commander Jia Yan and that 20,000 Zhao troops end up in the Yellow River, while preserving source caution about the exact tactic.

《资治通鉴·周纪》84丨防止秦国灭楚竟用这招？ mentions Zhao as part of 黄歇 / 春申君’s forecast rather than as an active campaign actor. Huang Xie argues that if Qin and Chu are locked in war, Han, Wei, Zhao, and 齐国 will have room to combine or profit from Qin’s exposure. Zhao’s role here is therefore a predicted beneficiary of Qin overextension after its costly Huayang setback.

《资治通鉴·周纪》86丨历史上靠收租的将军竟然是他？ turns Zhao from interstate actor to fiscal state. 赵奢 enforces tax law against 平原君’s household, persuades him that elite exemption would undermine Zhao’s survival, and is then appointed by 赵惠文王赵何 to manage national taxation. The episode therefore adds 贵族税法同遵 and Tax Enforcement Capacity to Zhao’s state-strengthening branch beside earlier diplomatic and military episodes involving 蔺相如 and 廉颇.

《资治通鉴·周纪》87丨“狭路相逢勇者胜”终于找到出处了！ turns that fiscal branch into a battlefield branch. When 秦国 attacks 阏与 / 燕宇之战, 赵惠文王赵何 sends Zhao She after more established commanders judge rescue impractical. Zhao’s victory comes through rapid movement, controlled intelligence, 许历 / 许立’s terrain advice, and first seizure of the northern high ground.

《资治通鉴·周纪》90丨揭秘先秦最完美的复仇 shifts Zhao from recent battlefield success to succession and refuge risk. 赵惠文王赵何 dies, 赵丹 / 赵孝成王 succeeds, and 平原君 is both senior minister and royal uncle when 魏齐 flees into his household. Zhao therefore becomes the next state exposed to 范雎’s revenge after Qin pressure has already frightened Wei.

《资治通鉴·周纪》91丨触龙如何敲开守寡赵太后的门（1） makes that exposure immediate. Qin attacks Zhao in 265 BCE, and the episode explains the timing through Zhao’s young ruler, 赵威后’s regency, and the Wei Qi asylum issue. Zhao seeks help from 齐国, but aid depends on sending 长安君 as hostage, making the state crisis hinge on 触龙’s persuasion of the regent.

《资治通鉴·周纪》91丨触龙如何敲开守寡赵太后的门（2） gives Zhao the immediate payoff. Zhao Weihou agrees, Chang’an Jun goes to Qi, Qi sends aid, and Qin withdraws. The same source adds that after the alliance forms, 田单 commands Zhao troops against 燕国 and then 韩国, so the hostage decision turns Zhao’s defensive appeal into later military cooperation with Qi.

《资治通鉴·周纪》92丨历史上第一位著名舔狗是谁？（1） keeps Zhao in the same late-Warring-States pressure field from two angles. A renewed 合纵 gathering in Zhao is disrupted by 范雎’s money-and-banquet sabotage, and the isolation of 上党 from 韩国 points toward Zhao becoming the alternative recipient of territory that refuses Qin surrender.

《资治通鉴·周纪》93丨在梦里藏着偷天改命？（1） makes that alternative-recipient role explicit. 冯亭 offers Shangdang’s seventeen cities to Zhao, hoping Qin’s reaction will force Zhao into alignment with Han. 赵丹 / 赵孝成王 consults 平原君 and 赵豹 / 平阳君, but the episode frames Zhao’s temptation as 利令智昏: a free territorial gain is also an imported Qin war.

《资治通鉴·周纪》93丨在梦里藏着偷天改命？（2） turns temptation into state action. 赵豹 / 平阳君 warns that Han and Shangdang are trying to make Zhao inherit Qin’s anger, but Zhao Dan follows 平原君, receives Shangdang, and distributes extraordinary rewards. The episode also adds Zhao Dan’s ominous dream and 司马迁’s criticism of Pingyuanjun, making this the Zhao branch that leads directly toward 长平之战.

《资治通鉴·周纪》94丨杀神白起，长平之战中的“草包”名将？（1） shows the consequences of that branch in 260 BCE. Zhao first loses diplomatic room when 赵丹 / 赵孝成王 ignores 虞卿’s advice to rebuild 合纵 support through Chu and Qi, sending 郑朱 directly to Qin instead. Then Zhao loses command stability when Zhao Dan pressures 廉颇, accepts 范雎’s rumor that Qin fears 赵括, and appoints Zhao Kuo despite warnings from 蔺相如, 赵奢, and 赵母.

《资治通鉴·周纪》94丨杀神白起，长平之战中的“草包”名将？（2） follows that decision into field disaster. Zhao Kuo abandons Lian Po’s defensive attrition posture, crosses the Dan River, and pursues Qin’s feigned retreat into Bai Qi’s prepared barrier-and-cutoff system. Zhao then asks Qi for grain after Qin seals the route, but Qi refuses, turning Zhao’s isolation into both 战场围困与断粮 and 屏障国救援失灵.

《资治通鉴·周纪》94丨杀神白起，长平之战中的“草包”名将？（3） records the collapse of that field disaster into state disaster. Zhao Kuo dies in a failed breakout, the exhausted Zhao force surrenders, and Bai Qi kills the prisoners while sending 240 young soldiers back to Zhao. The episode treats Zhao’s main force as destroyed and Zhao society as震恐, turning the earlier Shangdang windfall into a demographic and military wound.

《资治通鉴·周纪》95丨长平之战后秦国为什么没有灭了赵国（1） follows Zhao into the immediate danger after that wound. 白起 uses the massacre, jingguan memory, and released survivors as 战后恐怖震慑, then pushes attacks toward 武安, 皮牢, 太原, and 上党郡 before 邯郸 can recover. Zhao survives this first follow-on not because it is strong, but because 苏代 makes 范雎 stop Qin’s tempo and because 赵丹 / 赵孝成王 accepts a risky peace that costs six cities.

《资治通鉴·周纪》95丨长平之战后秦国为什么没有灭了赵国（2） moves Zhao from survival by settlement into survival by refusing or redirecting settlement. Yu Qing says ceding to Qin would strengthen the enemy and mark Zhao as weak; Lou Huan says refusal may expose Zhao to Qin and other predators. Zhao’s turn toward Qi and Chu, including the Lingqiu grant to Chunshenjun, keeps hezong alive as a signal but not as a proven rescue system.

《资治通鉴·周纪》95丨长平之战后秦国为什么没有灭了赵国（3） adds an internal refuge crisis to Zhao’s post-Changping weakness. Qin detains 平原君 over 魏齐, forcing 赵丹 / 赵孝成王 to decide whether state survival and a royal relative’s return outweigh guest protection. Zhao hunts Wei Qi, recovers Pingyuanjun after Wei Qi’s death, and still faces 王陵’s attack on 邯郸.

《资治通鉴·周纪》96丨毛遂自荐（1） makes Zhao’s exposed capital the center of the story. Qin’s Wang Ling fails, but Qin keeps reinforcing and later appoints 王龁, so Zhao cannot treat Bai Qi’s refusal as deliverance. With Wei and Qi unreliable, Zhao Dan sends Pingyuanjun to 楚国 for help; the mission reveals 毛遂 as a hidden retainer talent and turns the Handan crisis into a 合纵 rescue problem.

《资治通鉴·周纪》96丨毛遂自荐（2） keeps Zhao in the same survival crisis after Mao Sui’s diplomatic success. 楚国 agrees to rescue Zhao, but geography makes that commitment depend on 魏国 transit. When 魏安釐王 halts 晋鄙 at 邺城 after Qin’s threat, Zhao’s outside-help plan remains uncertain.

The same source introduces 新垣衍’s proposal that Zhao and Wei honor 秦昭襄王 as western emperor. For Zhao, this is the next expression of post-Changping desperation: if allied relief cannot arrive, the remaining choices narrow toward annihilating resistance or status-based submission.

《资治通鉴·周纪》96丨毛遂自荐（4） adds the internal mobilization layer of the same crisis. Zhao still waits for Wei and Chu relief, but 邯郸 is starving and weapon-poor enough that 李谈 / 李同 rebukes 平原君 for preserving noble household comfort while commoners and soldiers bear the siege. Pingyuanjun’s decision to distribute wealth and put his household into the army makes Zhao’s survival depend not only on hezong diplomacy, but on elite burden sharing inside the capital.

《资治通鉴·周纪》97-1丨白起之死 records the outside rescue finally becoming effective. 信陵君’s seizure of Wei command and Chu’s participation help break Qin’s pressure on 邯郸, preserving Zhao as the major eastern shield against 秦国. The episode’s strategic reading is explicitly counterfactual in tone: because Zhao survives this moment, Qin’s eventual swallowing of the six states is pushed back by decades rather than becoming immediate after 长平之战.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》100-2｜六国竟然同时为他吊丧 adds a non-Qin test of that survival. 燕王喜 and 栗腹 assume Zhao’s adult male losses after Changping make the state easy prey, but 廉颇 defeats Yan in the 鄗代之战 and surrounds Yan’s capital region. Zhao therefore remains wounded but not inert, making the source a case of post-disaster predation misread by a neighboring state.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》104｜阴谋失算让秦国版图又又又膨胀了 adds two late Zhao self-weakening moves. First, when 秦国 attacks 魏国, Zhao’s force under 廉颇 attacks Wei’s Fanyang rather than using the moment for anti-Qin coordination. Second, after 赵道襄王 succeeds, he replaces Lian Po with 乐乘, and the later recall attempt is corrupted by 郭开. Zhao’s problem is therefore not only external Qin pressure but a court that repeatedly fails to preserve usable command capacity.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》105｜战争花样赵国李牧最会耍 adds the counterpoint to that rupture: Zhao still has 李牧. In the 244 BCE frame, Zhao Daoxiang Wang appoints Li Mu after Lian Po’s departure, and Li Mu attacks 燕国, taking 五遂 and 方城. The episode then turns to Li Mu’s earlier northern-frontier command against 匈奴, where Zhao survives repeated raids through disciplined withdrawal, fortified shelter, intelligence, and delayed counterattack.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》106｜惊人发现信陵君的非正常死亡 adds two late Zhao pressure points. First, Zhao does not aid 魏国 despite the old 信陵君 rescue of Handan; because 廉颇 has taken refuge in Wei, Zhao instead prepares against Wei. Second, 燕王喜 again treats Zhao as a target, but 庞煖 defeats 剧辛 and captures 20,000 Yan soldiers, reinforcing Zhao’s continued residual fighting capacity.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》111-1｜偌大的赵国竟亡于一个妓女之手 shows that residual capacity becoming strategically self-damaging. Zhao attacks 燕国 and takes Liyang, but the campaign creates the timing for 秦国 to strike Zhao through 王翦, 桓齮, and 杨端和. The same episode adds a succession rupture: 赵道襄王 dies, 赵迁 / 赵幽缪王 succeeds, and the source says he had replaced 赵嘉 as heir because of Zhao Daoxiang Wang’s favored relationship. Zhao’s late problem is therefore no longer just command depletion; it is simultaneous weak-state mutual predation and favorite-driven heir displacement.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》112-1｜姚贾是如何凭一张嘴破四国合纵？ adds another late Zhao self-damage pattern through 姚贾. Zhao initially uses Yao Jia’s speech talent by sending him to Han, Wei, and Chu for anti-Qin coordination, but 李斯’s rumors about Yao Jia’s past and private enrichment make Zhao recall and expel him. The result is talent export under suspicion: a useful Zhao envoy becomes a 秦国 envoy and returns against Zhao as part of a four-state 合纵 sabotage mission.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》112-2｜秦始皇也是他的书迷？ adds the battlefield counterweight immediately before that diplomatic self-damage. In 234 BCE, 桓齮 attacks Zhao, kills Hu Zhe, and the episode reports a 100,000-person slaughter. 李牧 then defeats Huan Yi around Yi’an and Feixia and receives the title 武安君 from 赵迁 / 赵幽缪王, but the next year Huan Yi attacks again and takes Yi’an, Pingyang, and Wucheng. Zhao therefore still has first-rate command capacity, but its survival remains unstable under repeated Qin pressure.

The Li Mu branch also extends Zhao’s military identity after 胡服骑射. Zhao is not shown as rich enough for deep steppe expeditions, but it can still adapt to nomadic cavalry raiding asymmetry by combining frontier autonomy, soldier morale, deception, and encirclement. The source’s broader claim is that Li Mu’s capability helps explain why Qin’s unification is delayed rather than immediate.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》113｜李牧如何用一己之力阻秦国统一 moves Zhao from pressured-but-dangerous state into terminal self-damage. The source says Zhao suffers earthquake, wall collapse, displacement, famine, and drought, while Qin adds 顿弱’s rumor work and a 229 BCE invasion by 王翦 and 杨端和. Zhao’s remaining chance still runs through 李牧 and 司马尚, but 郭开’s bribed accusation makes 赵迁 / 赵幽缪王 replace them with 赵葱 and 颜聚, turning disaster pressure into command collapse.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》114-1｜今天聊聊 嬴政都有哪些残忍手段 gives Zhao’s capital fall and remnant afterlife. 王翦 defeats the replacement-command army, 邯郸 is captured, Zhao Qian is taken alive and sent away, and 嬴政 / 秦始皇 returns to Handan for revenge against old enemies. Zhao does not disappear instantly as a political memory: 赵嘉 gathers clan and officials in 代地 / 代国, joins 燕国 at Shanggu, and becomes a case of remnant resistance constrained by captured-ruler legitimacy containment.

《资治通鉴·秦纪》120-1｜谁是皇帝中的妈宝男？ adds Zhao to Qin’s post-unification justification list. The source-scoped imperial story says Zhao repeatedly broke agreements, generated trouble around 太原, and left a Dai-based remnant under 赵嘉, turning Zhao’s fall into one example of 兼并自卫叙事 rather than a neutral conquest notice.

Qinji 129-2 adds Zhao’s name reappearing during Qin’s collapse as a restored anti-Qin polity under 武臣. The restored Zhao line already sits inside 反秦阵营诸侯化分裂 because Wu Chen has prioritized Zhao self-strengthening over immediate westward attack. The new source then shows that separate-state strategy producing a separate vulnerability: 李良 can be approached by 王离, tipped by Wu Chen’s sister’s drunken insult, and turned against 邯郸 itself.

Hanji 156 part 2 extends the restored Zhao branch into its Chu-Han defeat. Zhao has terrain, numbers, and 李左车’s viable supply-line plan at 井陉口, but 陈馀 rejects that indirect option and chooses open battle against 韩信 and 张耳. Once Han red flags appear in the emptied Zhao camp, the army reads the rear and 赵歇 as lost; Zhao collapses, Chen Yu is killed, and Zhao Xie is captured.

Hanji 157 part 2 gives the restored Zhao branch its immediate post-defeat settlement. Han Xin does not treat Zhao only as a battlefield prize: following 李左车’s advice, he rests troops and pacifies the people, then asks 刘邦 to make 张耳 Zhao king. Zhao therefore becomes both the rear base for 胜势威慑外交 toward Yan and Qi and a contested front when 项羽 sends cavalry across the Yellow River.

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